Native Lives Bibliography

This list includes the sources cited for the profiles included in this project, plus a few other useful sources for learning more about regional Native peoples and histories. Please note that many primary colonial records and 19th century town histories, having been influenced by racial and cultural bias, may contain errors, stereotypes, and misinterpretations. The secondary sources included here offer more accurate and appropriate insights into Native experiences and perspectives.

Primary Source Records

Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay. 1869. Volume I [1692-1714]. Boston, MA: Wright & Potter.

Belcher, Jonathan. 1735. Conference at Deerfield, 27th August, 1735, Between Governor Belcher and the Caughnawagas, St. Francis, Housstonnoucs, Schaghtigcokes and Mohegan Tribes. Boston, MA: American Antiquarian Society.

Bridenbaugh, Carl. 1982. The Pynchon Papers, Volume I, Letters of John Pynchon, 1654-1700. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1273

Bridenbaugh, Carl and Juliette Tomlinson. 1985. The Pynchon Papers, Volume II, Selections from the Account Books of John Pynchon, 1651-1697. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/801

Burt, Henry M. 1898-1899. The First Century of the History of Springfield; the Official Records from 1636 to1736, with an Historical Review and Biographical Mention of the Founders. Two Volumes. Springfield, Massachusetts: H.M. Burt. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi011898spri

Champlain, Samuel de. [1604] 1907. Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618. Edited by W. L. Grant. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons.

Clark, Rev. Solomon. 1891. Historical Catalogue of the Northampton First Church 1661-1891. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Company.

Dwight, Timothy. [1821] 1969.Travels in New England and New York. Barbara Miller Solomon, ed. Four volumes. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009832276

Earle, John Milton. 1861. Report to the Governor and Council Concerning the Indians of the Commonwealth. Boston, MA: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. https://www.dartmouthhas.org/uploads/1/0/0/2/100287044/earle_report_of_1861.pdf

Easton, John. [1676] 1858.A narrative of the causes which led to Philip’s Indian war, of 1675 and 1676. Edited by Franklin B. Hough. Albany, NY: J. Munsell 1858. https://archive.org/details/narrativeofcause00east/mode/2up

Fernow, Berthold. 1881. “Documents Relative to the History and Settlements of the Towns along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers.” Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol. XIII. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company.

First Church Records, Book 1 and 2. [c. 1750-1850]. First Churches Archives. First Churches, Northampton, MA.

Huden, John C. 1962. Indian Place Names of New England. New York, NY: Museum of the American Indian. https://archive.org/details/indianplacenames00hude

Judd, Sylvester. 1850s. Records of the Hampshire County Court, in Sylvester Judd Manuscript, Massachusetts Series. Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.

Kenny, Hamill. 1976. “Place-Names and Dialects: Algonquian.” Names 24 (2): 86-100.

King, Titus. 1938. Narrative of Titus King of Northampton, Mass.: a prisoner of the Indians in Canada, 1755-1758. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Historical Society. https://archive.org/details/narrativeoftitus00king

Lafitau, Joseph-François. [1724] 1974. Customs of the American Indians Compared with the Customs of Primitive Times. Edited by William N. Fenton and Elizabeth L. Moore. Vol. 2. Toronto: Champlain Society.

Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1902. Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War, a Compilation from the Archives. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth.

Native Northeast Research Collaborative. [no date]. Yale Indian Papers Project, Yale University. https://findit.library.yale.edu/yipp/

Native Northeast Research Collaborative. 2019. Native Northeast Portal. https://nativenortheastportal.com/about

O’Callaghan, Edmund B. 1853. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Volume V. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co. https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ05brod

Pynchon, John. 1648-1650. Day Book & Accounts. Springfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.

Pynchon, John. c. 1652-1701. Account Books. Six volumes. Springfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Connecticut Valley Historical Museum.

Pynchon, William. c. 1645-1650. Account Book (transcribed by John Pynchon). Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.

Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. 1853-1854. The Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England. Five volumes. Boston, MA: William White.

Smith, Joseph H., ed. 1961. Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (1639-1702): The Pynchon Court Record: An Original Judge’s Diary of the Administration of Justice in the Springfield Courts in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001143776

Trumbull, John Hammond. 1850. Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut 1636-1776. Volume 2. Hartford, CT: Lockwood & Brainard Co. https://archive.org/details/publicrecords02conn/page/470/mode/2up

Trumbull, John Hammond. 1903. Natick Dictionary. Bulletin 25, Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. https://archive.org/details/natickdictionar02trumgoog/page/n181/mode/2up

War Department. “Mamenash, Joseph – Massachusetts – Fifth Regiment.” File #140452734, in Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War, National Archives. https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=mamenash

Whiting, Nathan. [1745] 1905. “List of Soldiers.” Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society. Vol. XIII. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Historical Society.

Winthrop Papers. [c. 1620s-1670s] 1852. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. VII. Fourth Series. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Society.

Wright, Harry Andrew, ed. 1905. Indian Deeds of Hampden County. Springfield, MA: Harry Andrew Wright. https://archive.org/details/indiandeedshamp00wriggoog

Wright, Harry Andrew. 1911.Early Maps of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: Harry Andrew Wright. https://archive.org/details/cu31924104081215

Secondary Sources

Anderson, Virginia DeJohn. 2003. “Chickwallop and the Beast: Indian Responses to European Animals in Early New England.” Decolonizing New England Indian History. Edited by Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury, 24-51. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1390

anonymous. 1837. “A Visit.” Gazette and Mercury, Greenfield, MA. 7 (532). August 29, 1837.

anonymous. 1837. [Report of Abenaki Indians in Deerfield.] Gazette and Mercury, Greenfield, MA 7 (530). August 15, 1837.

anonymous. 1838. [no title] Northampton Courier, Northampton, MA. 9 (25). June 6, 1838.

anonymous. 1850. “Sally Maminash, the last of the Indians.” Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, MA. July 4, 1850.

anonymous. 1871. “The Old Town of Norwich” [Indian Hollow, MA]. Hampshire Gazette. Northampton, MA. February 7, 1871.

anonymous. 1884. “The Maminash Gravestone Stolen From Pancake Plain.” Daily Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, MA. August 12, 1884.

anonymous. 1897. “Indian Families Who Lived in this Vicinity.” The Warren Herald, Warren, MA. June 18, 1897.

Ball, Margaret Haig Roosevelt Sewall. 2013. Grim Commerce: Scalps, Bounties, and the Transformation of Trophy-Taking in the Early American Northeast. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado.

Baron, Donna, J. Edward Hood, and Holly V. Izard. 1996. “They Were Here All Along: The Native American Presence in Lower-Central New England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” William and Mary Quarterly (July 1996) 53: 561-586.

Baxter, James Phinney, ed. 1916. The Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 24. Portland: LeFavor-Tower. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008696738

Beauchamp, William M. 1901. “Wampum and Shell Articles Used by the New York Indians.” New York State Museum Bulletin 41: 321–480.

Beck, Jane C. 1972. “The Giant Beaver: A Prehistoric Memory?” Ethnohistory 19 (2): 109-122.

Bendremer, J.C.M. and R.E. Dewar. 1994. “The Advent of Prehistoric Maize in New England.” Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World. Edited by S. Johannessen and C.A. Hastorf, 369-393. Boulder. CO: Westview Press.

Bradley, James W. 1983. “Blue Crystals and Other Trinkets: Glass Beads from Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century New England.” Proceedings of the 1982 Glass Bead Conference. Edited by C. Hayes III, 26-39. Rochester, NY: Rochester Museum and Science Center.

Brewster, Mary. 1949. “Last Indian of Northampton.” The Story of Western Massachusetts, edited by Harry Andrew Wright, 814-818. New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. https://archive.org/details/storyofwesternma01wrig

Bridgeman, Sidney E. 1936. “Sally Mammanash is Recalled Here: Daughter of Indian Woman Who Was Stoned to Death Lived With the Bridgemans.” Daily Hampshire Gazette, August 25, 1936.

Brooks, Lisa. 2008. The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Brooks, Lisa.  2019. Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip’s War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 1999. “In Search of the Indian Doctress.” Old Sturbridge Visitor 39 (1): 6-7.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2004. “Native Presence in Nonotuck and Northampton.” A Place Called Paradise: Culture and Community in Northampton, Massachusetts, 1654-2004. Edited by Kerry Buckley, 18-38. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2005. “Earthshapers and Placemakers: Algonkian Indian Stories and the Landscape.” Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice. Edited by Claire Smith and H. Martin Wobst, 56-80. London: Routledge Press.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2005. “Schaghticoke and Points North: Wôbanaki Resistance and Persistence.” Raid on Deerfield: The Many Stories of 1704. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.  http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/background/index.do

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2006. “Abenaki Connections to 1704: The Sadoques Family and Deerfield, 2004.” Captive Histories: Captivity Narratives, French Relations and Native Stories of the 1704 Deerfield Raid. Edited by Evan Haefeli and Kevin Sweeney, 262-278. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2010. “Lost and Found: NAGPRA, Scattered Relics, Restorative Methodologies.” Museum Anthropology 33 (2): 137–156.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2011. “Revisiting Pocumtuck History in Deerfield: George Sheldon’s Vanishing Indian Act.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts, 75th Commemorative Issue 39 (1/2): 30-77.

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2018. “Sally Maminash: Last of the Indians Here.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. https://www.historicnorthampton.org/history-sally-maminash.html

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2022. “From Nonotuck to Northampton: Recovering Indigenous Histories.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: ——————–

Bruchac, Margaret M. 2022. “The 1696 Encounter Between Nonotuck and English Hunters.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: —————

Bruchac, Margaret M. and Peter A. Thomas. 2006. “Locating Wissatinnewag in John Pynchon’s Letter of 1663.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 34 (1): 56-82.

Buckley, Kerry. 2004. A Place Called Paradise: Culture and Community in Northampton, Massachusetts, 1654-2004. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Burggraf, James D. 1938. “Some Notes on the Manufacture of Wampum Prior to 1654.” American Antiquity 4 (1) (July 1938): 53-58.

Calloway, Colin G. 1997. New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans and the Remaking of Early America. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Chilton, Elizabeth S. 1999. “Mobile Farmers of Pre-Contact Southern New England: the Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Evidence.” Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany. Edited by John P. Hart, 157-176. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York State Education Department.

Chilton, Elizabeth S. 2002. “Towns They Have None: Diverse Subsistence and Settlement Strategies in Native New England.” Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–A.D. 1300. Edited by John P. Hart and C. Reith, 289-300. Albany, NY: New York State Museum.

Chilton, Elizabeth S., Tonya B. Largy, and Kathryn Curran. 2000. “Evidence for Prehistoric Maize Horticulture at the Pine Hill Site, Deerfield, Massachusetts.” Northeast Anthropology 59: 23-46.

City of Northampton. 1904. The Meadow City’s Quarter Millennial Book: A Memorial of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Northampton, Massachusetts. Northampton, MA: City of Northampton.

Cray, Jr., Robert E. 2009. “Weltering in Their Own Blood: Puritan Casualties in King Philip’s War.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 37 (2) (Fall 2009): 107-123.

Day, Gordon M. 1954. “The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeast Forest.” Ecology 32: 329-346.

Day, Gordon M. 1964. “A St. Francis Abenaki Vocabulary.” International Journal of American Linguistics 30 (4) (October 1964): 371-392.

Day, Gordon M.. 1965. “The Identity of the Sokokis.” Ethnohistory 12 (3) (Summer 1965): 237-249.

Day, Gordon M. 1967 “An Agawam Fragment.” International Journal of American Linguistics 33 (3): 244-247.

Day, Gordon M. 1972. “The Name Algonquin.” International Journal of American Linguistics 38 (4): 226-228.

Day, Gordon M. 1981. The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series Paper No. 71. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: National Museums of Canada.

De Forest, John W. 1852. History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850. Hartford, CT: Wm. Jas. Hamersley.

Dean, Charles J. November 15, 1958. “Hospital Hill and its Riddles of Yesterday.” Daily Hampshire Gazette. Northampton, MA.

Delabarre, E. B. and Harris H. Wilder. 1920. “Indian Corn Hills in Massachusetts.” American Anthropologist 22 (3): 203-255.

DeLucia, Christine. 2018. Memory Lands: King Philip’s War and the Place of Violence in the Northeast. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Doughton, Thomas L. 1997. “Unseen Neighbors: Native Americans of Central Massachusetts, A People Who Had Vanished.” After King Philip’s War: Presence and Persistence in Indian New England. Edited by Colin G. Calloway, 207-230. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Dunn, Shirley. 1994. The Mohicans and Their Land. Fleishmanns. NY: Purple Mountain Press.

Eldredge, Nancy. [no date]. “Who are the Wampanoag.” Plymouth, MA: Plimoth Patuxet Museums. https://plimoth.org/for-students/homework-help/who-are-the-wampanoag

Everts, Louis H., ed. 1879. History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincot & Company.

Exner, Frank and Little Bear. 2007. “North American Indians: Personal Names With Semantic Meaning.” Names 55 (1): 3-15.

Field, Phinehas. 1890. “Stories, Anecdotes, and Legends, Collected and Written Down by Deacon Phinehas Field.” History and Proceedings of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association Vol. I, 59-65. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.

Goodwin, Isaac. [1820] 1941. “Address to the American Antiquarian Society.” American Antiquarian Society Proceedings 1812-1849, 155-164. Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society.

Gookin, Daniel. [1674] 1970. Historical Collections of the Indians in New England. Boston, MA: Towtaid. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102138656

Green, Mason A. 1888. Springfield, 1636-1886: history of town and city. Springfield, MA: C. A. Nichols and Company. https://archive.org/details/springfield1888gree

H. [name unknown]. 1886. The Brethren Evangelist. Vol. VIII, No. 25. June 23, 1886.

Haefeli, Evan and Kevin Sweeney. 2003. Captors and Captives: The 1704 French and Indian Raid on Deerfield. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Haefeli, Evan and Kevin Sweeney. 2006. Captive Histories: Captivity Narratives, French Relations and Native Stories of the 1704 Deerfield Raid. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Handsman, Russell and Richmond, Trudy Lamb. 1996. “Confronting Colonialism: The Mahican and Schaghticoke Peoples and Us.” Making Alternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in Non-Western Settings. Edited by Peter R. Schmidt and Thomas C. Patterson, 87-117. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.

Hitchcock, Edward. 1818. “Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of a Section of MA on the CT River, with a Part of NH and VT.” American Journal of Science 1st Series V (1-2): 105-116.

Hitchcock, Edward.  1904. Catalog of New England Indian Relics in the Gilbert Museum at Amherst College. Second edition. Amherst, MA: Amherst College.

Hodge, Frederick Webb. 1912. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology.

Holland, Josiah Gilbert. 1855. History of Western Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: Samuel Bowles and Co.

Hoyt, E. (Epaphras)., Phelps, A. (1824). Antiquarian researches: comprising a history of the Indian wars in the country bordering Connecticut River and parts adjacent,…. Greenfield, Mass.: Printed by A. Phelps. 

Hubbard, William. [1677] 1990. The History of the Indian Wars in New England. Bowie, MD: HeritageBooks, Inc.

Huden, John C. 1962. Indian Place Names of New England. New York, NY: Museum of the American Indian.

Innes, Stephen. 1983. Labor in a New Land: Economy and Society in Seventeenth-Century Springfield. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Jennings, Francis. 1985. “Francis Parkman, Francis Parkman: A Brahmin among Untouchables.” The William and Mary Quarterly 42 (3) (July 1985): 305-328.

Johnson, Eric S. 1985. “Prehistoric Collections in Massachusetts: The Walter S. Rodiman Collection, Connecticut River Valley.” Report to the Massachusetts Historical Commission, Boston, MA.

Johnson, Eric S.. 1993. “Some by Flatteries and Others by Threatenings: Political Strategies Among Native Americans of Seventeenth-century New England.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA.

Johnson, Eric S. and James W. Bradley. 1987. “The Bark Wigwams Site: An Early Seventeenth-Century Component in Central Massachusetts.” Man in the Northeast 33: 1-26.

Judd, Sylvester. [no date]. “Northampton with Westfield.” History of Hadley: Selected Papers from the Sylvester Judd Manuscript. Volume 2.

Judd, Sylvester. 1905. History of Hadley: including the early history of Hatfield, South Hadley, Amherst, and Granby, Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: H.R. Hunting & Co.

Judd, Sylvester. August 12, 1884. “The Maminash Gravestone Stolen From Pancake Plain.” Daily Hampshire Gazette.

Krass, Dorothy and O’Connell, Barry. 1992. Native Peoples and Museums in the Connecticut River Valley – A Guide for Learning. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton and Five College Public School Partnership Program.

Leach, Douglas Edward. 1958. Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip’s War. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Leder, Lawrence H. 1956. The Livingston Indian Records 1666-1723. Gettysburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical Association. https://archive.org/details/livingstonindian010859mbp/mode/2up

Lockwood, John Hoyt. 1922. Westfield and its historic influences, 1669-1919; the life of an early town. Westfield, MA: Rev. John H. Lockwood.

Mandell, Daniel R. 1998. “Shifting Boundaries of Race and Ethnicity: Indian-Black Intermarriage in Southern New England, 1760-1880,” Journal of American History 85 (2): 466-501.

Mather, Increase. [1684] 1981. “Quentin Stockwell’s Relation of his Captivity and Redemption.” Puritans Among the Indians: Accounts of Captivity and Redemption, 1675-1724. Edited by Alden T. Vaughn and Edward W. Clark, 80-89.Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Mathews, Mitford M. 1951. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. Two volumes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

McIntyre, Ruth. 1988. “John Pynchon and the New England Fur Trade, 1652-1676.” Carl Bridenbaugh and Juliette Tomlinson, eds., 3-70. The Pynchon Papers, Volume II, Selections from the Account Books of John Pynchon, 1651-1697. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/814

Melvoin, Richard I. 1989. New England Outpost: War and Society in Colonial Deerfield. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Miller, Marla R. 2009. Cultivating a Past: Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Miller, Marla R. 2019. Entangled Lives: Labor, Livelihood, and Landscapes of Change in Rural Massachusetts. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Nash, Alice. 2009. “Quanquan’s Mortgage of 1663.” Cultivating a Past: Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Edited by Marla Miller, 25-42. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Newell, Margaret Ellen. 2003. “The Changing Nature of Indian Slavery in New England, 1670–1720.” Decolonizing New England Indian History. Edited by Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury, 106-135. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1397#ch07

Nobles, Gregory H. and Herbert L. Zarov, eds. 1976. Selected Papers from the Sylvester Judd Manuscript. Northampton, MA: Forbes Library.

Norton, Charles Eliot, ed. 1915. Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings October 1914-June 1915. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Society.

O’Brien, Jean M. 2006. “‘Vanishing’ Indians in Nineteenth-Century New England: Local Historians’ Erasure of Still-Present Indian Peoples.” New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations. Edited by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, 414-432. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.

O’Brien, Jean M. Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Pulsipher, Jenny Hale. 2005. Subjects Unto the Same King: Indians, English, and the Contest for Authority in Colonial New England. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Romer, Robert H. 2009. Slavery in the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts. Florence, MA: Levellers Press.

Sadoques, Elizabeth M. 1929. “History and Traditions of Eunice Williams and her Descendants.” History and Proceedings of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1921-1929, Vol. VII. Edited by George Sheldon, 126-130. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.

Salisbury, Neal. 1997. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press.

Searcy, Karen B. 2017. “The Steven West Williams Herbarium: An Early 19th Century Plant Collection From Deerfield, Massachusetts.” Rhodora 119 (978) (June 2017): 132-162.

Seeleye, L. Clark. 1904. “President Seeleye’s Address.” The Meadow City’s Quarter-Millennial Book. Northampton, MA: City of Northampton, 154-160.

Sheldon, George. 1895. A History of Deerfield, Massachusetts. Volume I. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.  https://archive.org/details/historyofdeerfie02shel

Sheldon, George. 1898. “The Pocumtuck Confederacy.” History and Proceedings of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association 1880-1889. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 390-408.

Sinton, John. 2018. Devil’s Den to Lickingwater: The Mill River Through Landscape and History. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press.

Spady, James. 1994. In the Midst of the River: Leadership, Trade and Politics among the Native Peoples of the Connecticut River valley: 1635-1700. Senior thesis, Amherst College.

Spady, James. 1995. “As If In a Great Darkness: Native American Refugees of the Middle Connecticut River Valley in the Aftermath of King Philip’s War.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 23 (2): 183-197. https://www.westfield.ma.edu/historical-journal/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/spady-summer95.pdf

Speck, Frank G. 1919. “The Functions of Wampum among the Eastern Algonkian.” Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 6 (1919): 3–71.

Springer, James Warren. 1986. “American Indians and the Law of Real Property in Colonial New England.” The American Journal of Legal History 30 (1) (January 1986): 25-58.

Stiles, Henry Reed. 1891. The History and Genealogies of Ancient Windsor, Connecticut, 1635-1891. Hartford, CT: Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company.

Temple, Josiah H. 1887. History of North Brookfield, Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Town of North Brookfield.

Temple, Josiah H. and George Sheldon. 1875.A History of the Town of Northfield, for 150 Years, with an account of the prior occupation of the territory of the Squakheags. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofn00temp

Thee, Christopher J. 2006. “Massachusetts Nipmucs and the Long Shadow of John Milton Earle.” The New England Quarterly 79 (4) (December 2006): 636-654.

Thomas, Peter A. 1980. “The Riverside District, the WMECO Site, and Suggestions for Archaeological Modeling”. Early and Middle Archaic Cultures in the Northeast. Edited by David Starbuck and Charles E. Bolian, 73-95.xs Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 7. Rindge, NH: Franklin Pierce College.

Thomas, Peter A. 1981. “The Fur Trade and the Need to Define Adequate ‘Environmental’ Parameters.” Ethnohistory 24 (4) (Fall 1981): 359-379.

Thomas, Peter A. 1984. “Bridging the Cultural Gap: Indian/White Relations.” Early Settlement in the Connecticut Valley. Edited by Stephen C. Innes, Richard I. Melvoin and Peter A. Thomas, 4-21. Westfield, MA: Historic Deerfield, Inc., Institute for Massachusetts Studies, and Westfield State College, 1984.

Thomas, Peter A. 1990. In the Maelstrom of Change: The Indian Trade and Cultural Process in the Middle Connecticut River Valley, 1635-1665. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Thompson, Francis N. 1904. History of Greenfield: Shire Town of Franklin County, Massachusetts. Two volumes. Greenfield, MA: T. Morey & Son.

Trumbull, James Hammond. 1903. Natick Dictionary. Bulletin 25, Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. https://archive.org/details/natickdictionar01trumgoog/page/n12/mode/2up

Trumbull, James Russell. 1898. History of Northampton. Volume I. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Company. https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham00trum/page/434/mode/2up

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. 2001. The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth. New York, NY: Vintage Books.

Wells, Daniel White and Reuben Field Wells. 1910. A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: F.C.H. Gibbons.

Williams, Roger. [1643] 1963. The Complete Writings of Roger Williams. Volume I. New York, NY: Russell and Russell.

Williams, Stephen West. 1849. “Report on the Indigenous Medical Botany of Massachusetts.” American Medical Association Transactions. Philadelphia, PA: American Medical Association, 863-927.

Wright, Harry Andrew, ed. 1949. The Story of Western Massachusetts. New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. https://archive.org/details/storyofwesternma01wrig

Wright, Harry Andrew. 1939. “Some Vagaries in Connecticut Valley Indian Place-Names.” The New England Quarterly 12 (3) (September 1939): 535-544.

Young, William R. 1969. “A Survey of the Available Knowledge on the Middle Connecticut Valley Indians—Prehistoric and Historic.” The Connecticut Valley Indian: An Introduction to Their Archaeology and History. Edited by William Young, 33-61. New Series, 1:1 Springfield, MA: Museum of Science.

Zimmerman, Sarah, et al. 1984. Historic and Archaeological Resources of the Connecticut Valley. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Commission.