This list includes the sources cited for the profiles included in this project, plus a few other useful sources for learning more about regional Native peoples and histories. Please note that many primary colonial records and 19th century town histories, having been influenced by racial and cultural bias, may contain errors, stereotypes, and misinterpretations. The secondary sources included here offer more accurate and appropriate insights into Native experiences and perspectives.
Primary Source Records, Transcribed
Bridenbaugh, Carl. 1982. The Pynchon Papers, Volume I, Letters of John Pynchon, 1654-1700. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1273
Bridenbaugh, Carl and Juliette Tomlinson. 1985. The Pynchon Papers, Volume II, Selections from the Account Books of John Pynchon, 1651-1697. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/801
Burt, Henry M. 1898-1899. The First Century of the History of Springfield; the Official Records from 1636 to1736, with an Historical Review and Biographical Mention of the Founders. Two Volumes. Springfield, Massachusetts: H.M. Burt. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi011898spri
Clark, Rev. Solomon. 1891. Historical Catalogue of the Northampton First Church 1661-1891. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Company.
Fernow, Berthold. 1881. “Documents Relative to the History and Settlements of the Towns along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers.” In Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol. XIII. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company.
First Church Records, Book 1 and 2. [c. 1750-1850]. First Churches Archives. First Churches, Northampton, MA.
Judd, Sylvester. 1850s. Records of the Hampshire County Court, in Sylvester Judd Manuscript, Massachusetts Series. Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.
King, Titus. 1938. Narrative of Titus King of Northampton, Mass.: a prisoner of the Indians in Canada, 1755-1758. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Historical Society. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/narrativeoftitus00king
Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1902. Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War, a Compilation from the Archives. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth.
Native Northeast Research Collaborative. 2019. Native Northeast Portal. On-line at: https://nativenortheastportal.com/about
Native Northeast Research Collaborative. [no date]. Yale Indian Papers Project, Yale University. On-line at: https://findit.library.yale.edu/yipp/
Pynchon, John. c. 1652-1701. Account Books. Six volumes. Springfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Connecticut Valley Historical Museum.
Pynchon, John. 1648-1650. Day Book & Accounts. Springfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Pynchon, William. c. 1645-1650. Account Book (transcribed by John Pynchon). Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Smith, Joseph H., ed. 1961. Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (1639-1702): The Pynchon Court Record: An Original Judge’s Diary of the Administration of Justice in the Springfield Courts in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. On-line at: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001143776
Trumbull, John Hammond. 1903. Natick Dictionary. Bulletin 25, Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/natickdictionar02trumgoog/page/n181/mode/2up
_______. 1850-1890. Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut 1636-1776. Hartford, CT: F. A. Brown Co.
War Department. “Mamenash, Joseph – Massachusetts – Fifth Regiment.” File #140452734, in Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War, National Archives. On-line at: https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=mamenash
Whiting, Nathan. 1745. “List of Soldiers.” In Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society Vol. XIII, p. 76-80.
Wright, Harry Andrew, ed. 1905. Indian Deeds of Hampden County. Springfield, MA: Harry Andrew Wright. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/indiandeedshamp00wriggoog
Town Histories & Local Newspapers
Anonymous. 1838. Northampton Courier, Northampton, MA. 9 (25). June 6, 1838.
Bridgeman, Sidney E. 1936. “Sally Mammanash is Recalled Here: Daughter of Indian Woman Who Was Stoned to Death Lived With the Bridgemans.” Daily Hampshire Gazette, August 25, 1936.
City of Northampton. 1904. The Meadow City’s Quarter Millennial Book: A Memorial of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Northampton, Massachusetts. Northampton, MA: City of Northampton.
Everts, Louis H. 1879. History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincot & Co.
Dean, Charles J. 1958. “Hospital Hill and its Riddles of Yesterday,” Daily Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, MA, November 15, 1958.
Everts, Louis H., ed. 1879. History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincot & Company.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert. 1855. History of Western Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: Samuel Bowles and Co. On-line at: https://www.huntingtonma.us/historical-society/documents/History%20of%20Western%20MA-Holland.pdf
Judd, Sylvester. 1905. History of Hadley: including the early history of Hatfield, South Hadley, Amherst, and Granby, Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: H.R. Hunting & Co. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/historyofhadleyi00judd
_______. [no date]. “Northampton with Westfield.” In History of Hadley: Selected Papers from the Sylvester Judd Manuscript. Volume 2.
Nobles, Gregory H. and Herbert L. Zarov, eds. 1976. Selected Papers from the Sylvester Judd Manuscript. Northampton, MA: Forbes Library.
Temple, Josiah H. 1887. History of North Brookfield, Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Town of North Brookfield.
Temple, Josiah H. and George Sheldon. 1875. A History of the Town of Northfield, for 150 Years, with an account of the prior occupation of the territory of the Squakheags. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofn00temp
Thompson, Francis N. 1904. History of Greenfield: Shire Town of Franklin County, Massachusetts. Two volumes. Greenfield, MA: T. Morey & Son.
Trumbull, James Russell. 1898. History of Northampton. Volume I. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Company. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham00trum/page/434/mode/2up
Wells, Daniel White and Reuben Field Wells. 1910. A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: F.C.H. Gibbons.
Wright, Harry Andrew, ed. 1949. The Story of Western Massachusetts. New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/storyofwesternma01wrig
Secondary Sources
Baron, Donna, J. Edward Hood, and Holly V. Izard. 1996. “They Were Here All Along: The Native American Presence in Lower-Central New England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” William and Mary Quarterly (July 1996) 53: 561-586.
Brooks, Lisa. 2019. Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip’s War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
_______. 2008. The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Bruchac, Margaret M. 2022. “From Nonotuck to Northampton: Recovering Indigenous Histories.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: --------------------
_______. 2022. “The 1696 Encounter Between Nonotuck and English Hunters.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: ---------------
_______. 2018. “Sally Maminash: Last of the Indians Here.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: https://www.historicnorthampton.org/history-sally-maminash.html
_______. 2011. “Revisiting Pocumtuck History in Deerfield: George Sheldon’s Vanishing Indian Act.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts, 75th Commemorative Issue 39 (1/2): 30-77.
_______. 2010. “Lost and Found: NAGPRA, Scattered Relics, Restorative Methodologies.” Museum Anthropology 33 (2): 137–156.
Buckley, Kerry. 2004. A Place Called Paradise: Culture and Community in Northampton, Massachusetts, 1654-2004. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Delabarre, E. B. and Harris H. Wilder. 1920. “Indian Corn Hills in Massachusetts.” American Anthropologist 22 (3): 203-255.
Huden, John C. 1962. Indian Place Names of New England. New York, NY: Museum of the American Indian. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/indianplacenames00hude
Miller, Marla R. 2019. Entangled Lives: Labor, Livelihood, and Landscapes of Change in Rural Massachusetts. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
_______. 2009. Cultivating a Past: Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Nash, Alice. 2009. “Quanquan’s Mortgage of 1663.” In Cultivating a Past: Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Edited by Marla R. Miller, 25-42. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Newell, Margaret Ellen. 2003. “The Changing Nature of Indian Slavery in New England, 1670–1720.” In Decolonizing New England Indian History. Edited by Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury, 106-135. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1397#ch07
O’Brien, Jean M. 2010. Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Romer, Robert H. 2009. Slavery in the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts. Florence, MA: Levellers Press.
Spady, James. 1995. “As If In a Great Darkness: Native American Refugees of the Middle Connecticut River Valley in the Aftermath of King Philip’s War.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 23 (2): 183-197. On-line at: https://www.westfield.ma.edu/historical-journal/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/spady-summer95.pdf
Thomas, Peter A. 1990. In the Maelstrom of Change: The Indian Trade and Cultural Process in the Middle Connecticut River Valley, 1635-1665. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
_______. 1984. “Bridging the Cultural Gap: Indian/White Relations.” In Early Settlement in the Connecticut Valley. Edited by Stephen C. Innes, Richard I. Melvoin and Peter A. Thomas, 4-21. Westfield, MA: Historic Deerfield, Inc., Institute for Massachusetts Studies, and Westfield State College, 1984.
_______. 1981. “The Fur Trade and the Need to Define Adequate ‘Environmental Parameters.” Ethnohistory 24 (4) (Fall 1981): 359-379.
Wright, Harry Andrew. 1939. “Some Vagaries in Connecticut Valley Indian Place-Names.” The New England Quarterly 12 (3) (September 1939): 535-544.
Young, William R. 1969. “A Survey of the Available Knowledge on the Middle Connecticut Valley Indians – Prehistoric and Historic.” In The Connecticut Valley Indian: An Introduction to Their Archaeology and History. Edited by William Young, 33-61. New Series, 1:1 Springfield, MA: Museum of Science.
Zimmerman, Sarah, et al. 1984. Historic and Archaeological Resources of the Connecticut Valley. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Commission. On-line at: https://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhcpdf/regionalreports/ctvalley.pdf
Bridenbaugh, Carl. 1982. The Pynchon Papers, Volume I, Letters of John Pynchon, 1654-1700. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1273
Bridenbaugh, Carl and Juliette Tomlinson. 1985. The Pynchon Papers, Volume II, Selections from the Account Books of John Pynchon, 1651-1697. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/801
Burt, Henry M. 1898-1899. The First Century of the History of Springfield; the Official Records from 1636 to1736, with an Historical Review and Biographical Mention of the Founders. Two Volumes. Springfield, Massachusetts: H.M. Burt. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyofhi011898spri
Clark, Rev. Solomon. 1891. Historical Catalogue of the Northampton First Church 1661-1891. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Company.
Fernow, Berthold. 1881. “Documents Relative to the History and Settlements of the Towns along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers.” In Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol. XIII. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company.
First Church Records, Book 1 and 2. [c. 1750-1850]. First Churches Archives. First Churches, Northampton, MA.
Judd, Sylvester. 1850s. Records of the Hampshire County Court, in Sylvester Judd Manuscript, Massachusetts Series. Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.
King, Titus. 1938. Narrative of Titus King of Northampton, Mass.: a prisoner of the Indians in Canada, 1755-1758. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Historical Society. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/narrativeoftitus00king
Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1902. Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War, a Compilation from the Archives. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth.
Native Northeast Research Collaborative. 2019. Native Northeast Portal. On-line at: https://nativenortheastportal.com/about
Native Northeast Research Collaborative. [no date]. Yale Indian Papers Project, Yale University. On-line at: https://findit.library.yale.edu/yipp/
Pynchon, John. c. 1652-1701. Account Books. Six volumes. Springfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Connecticut Valley Historical Museum.
Pynchon, John. 1648-1650. Day Book & Accounts. Springfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Pynchon, William. c. 1645-1650. Account Book (transcribed by John Pynchon). Forbes Library, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Smith, Joseph H., ed. 1961. Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (1639-1702): The Pynchon Court Record: An Original Judge’s Diary of the Administration of Justice in the Springfield Courts in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. On-line at: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001143776
Trumbull, John Hammond. 1903. Natick Dictionary. Bulletin 25, Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/natickdictionar02trumgoog/page/n181/mode/2up
_______. 1850-1890. Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut 1636-1776. Hartford, CT: F. A. Brown Co.
War Department. “Mamenash, Joseph – Massachusetts – Fifth Regiment.” File #140452734, in Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War, National Archives. On-line at: https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=mamenash
Whiting, Nathan. 1745. “List of Soldiers.” In Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society Vol. XIII, p. 76-80.
Wright, Harry Andrew, ed. 1905. Indian Deeds of Hampden County. Springfield, MA: Harry Andrew Wright. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/indiandeedshamp00wriggoog
Town Histories & Local Newspapers
Anonymous. 1838. Northampton Courier, Northampton, MA. 9 (25). June 6, 1838.
Bridgeman, Sidney E. 1936. “Sally Mammanash is Recalled Here: Daughter of Indian Woman Who Was Stoned to Death Lived With the Bridgemans.” Daily Hampshire Gazette, August 25, 1936.
City of Northampton. 1904. The Meadow City’s Quarter Millennial Book: A Memorial of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Northampton, Massachusetts. Northampton, MA: City of Northampton.
Everts, Louis H. 1879. History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincot & Co.
Dean, Charles J. 1958. “Hospital Hill and its Riddles of Yesterday,” Daily Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, MA, November 15, 1958.
Everts, Louis H., ed. 1879. History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincot & Company.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert. 1855. History of Western Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: Samuel Bowles and Co. On-line at: https://www.huntingtonma.us/historical-society/documents/History%20of%20Western%20MA-Holland.pdf
Judd, Sylvester. 1905. History of Hadley: including the early history of Hatfield, South Hadley, Amherst, and Granby, Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: H.R. Hunting & Co. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/historyofhadleyi00judd
_______. [no date]. “Northampton with Westfield.” In History of Hadley: Selected Papers from the Sylvester Judd Manuscript. Volume 2.
Nobles, Gregory H. and Herbert L. Zarov, eds. 1976. Selected Papers from the Sylvester Judd Manuscript. Northampton, MA: Forbes Library.
Temple, Josiah H. 1887. History of North Brookfield, Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Town of North Brookfield.
Temple, Josiah H. and George Sheldon. 1875. A History of the Town of Northfield, for 150 Years, with an account of the prior occupation of the territory of the Squakheags. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofn00temp
Thompson, Francis N. 1904. History of Greenfield: Shire Town of Franklin County, Massachusetts. Two volumes. Greenfield, MA: T. Morey & Son.
Trumbull, James Russell. 1898. History of Northampton. Volume I. Northampton, MA: Gazette Printing Company. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham00trum/page/434/mode/2up
Wells, Daniel White and Reuben Field Wells. 1910. A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, MA: F.C.H. Gibbons.
Wright, Harry Andrew, ed. 1949. The Story of Western Massachusetts. New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/storyofwesternma01wrig
Secondary Sources
Baron, Donna, J. Edward Hood, and Holly V. Izard. 1996. “They Were Here All Along: The Native American Presence in Lower-Central New England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” William and Mary Quarterly (July 1996) 53: 561-586.
Brooks, Lisa. 2019. Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip’s War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
_______. 2008. The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Bruchac, Margaret M. 2022. “From Nonotuck to Northampton: Recovering Indigenous Histories.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: --------------------
_______. 2022. “The 1696 Encounter Between Nonotuck and English Hunters.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: ---------------
_______. 2018. “Sally Maminash: Last of the Indians Here.” Historic Highlights. Northampton, MA: Historic Northampton. On-line: https://www.historicnorthampton.org/history-sally-maminash.html
_______. 2011. “Revisiting Pocumtuck History in Deerfield: George Sheldon’s Vanishing Indian Act.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts, 75th Commemorative Issue 39 (1/2): 30-77.
_______. 2010. “Lost and Found: NAGPRA, Scattered Relics, Restorative Methodologies.” Museum Anthropology 33 (2): 137–156.
Buckley, Kerry. 2004. A Place Called Paradise: Culture and Community in Northampton, Massachusetts, 1654-2004. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Delabarre, E. B. and Harris H. Wilder. 1920. “Indian Corn Hills in Massachusetts.” American Anthropologist 22 (3): 203-255.
Huden, John C. 1962. Indian Place Names of New England. New York, NY: Museum of the American Indian. On-line at: https://archive.org/details/indianplacenames00hude
Miller, Marla R. 2019. Entangled Lives: Labor, Livelihood, and Landscapes of Change in Rural Massachusetts. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
_______. 2009. Cultivating a Past: Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Nash, Alice. 2009. “Quanquan’s Mortgage of 1663.” In Cultivating a Past: Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Edited by Marla R. Miller, 25-42. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Newell, Margaret Ellen. 2003. “The Changing Nature of Indian Slavery in New England, 1670–1720.” In Decolonizing New England Indian History. Edited by Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury, 106-135. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. On-line at: https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1397#ch07
O’Brien, Jean M. 2010. Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Romer, Robert H. 2009. Slavery in the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts. Florence, MA: Levellers Press.
Spady, James. 1995. “As If In a Great Darkness: Native American Refugees of the Middle Connecticut River Valley in the Aftermath of King Philip’s War.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 23 (2): 183-197. On-line at: https://www.westfield.ma.edu/historical-journal/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/spady-summer95.pdf
Thomas, Peter A. 1990. In the Maelstrom of Change: The Indian Trade and Cultural Process in the Middle Connecticut River Valley, 1635-1665. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
_______. 1984. “Bridging the Cultural Gap: Indian/White Relations.” In Early Settlement in the Connecticut Valley. Edited by Stephen C. Innes, Richard I. Melvoin and Peter A. Thomas, 4-21. Westfield, MA: Historic Deerfield, Inc., Institute for Massachusetts Studies, and Westfield State College, 1984.
_______. 1981. “The Fur Trade and the Need to Define Adequate ‘Environmental Parameters.” Ethnohistory 24 (4) (Fall 1981): 359-379.
Wright, Harry Andrew. 1939. “Some Vagaries in Connecticut Valley Indian Place-Names.” The New England Quarterly 12 (3) (September 1939): 535-544.
Young, William R. 1969. “A Survey of the Available Knowledge on the Middle Connecticut Valley Indians – Prehistoric and Historic.” In The Connecticut Valley Indian: An Introduction to Their Archaeology and History. Edited by William Young, 33-61. New Series, 1:1 Springfield, MA: Museum of Science.
Zimmerman, Sarah, et al. 1984. Historic and Archaeological Resources of the Connecticut Valley. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Commission. On-line at: https://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc/mhcpdf/regionalreports/ctvalley.pdf